Abstract:
Abstract
Background
The high burden of witnessing traumatic
events has been demonstrated in previous research in South
Africa. However, previous work has focused on PTSD
rather than a broader range of psychopathological out-
comes. This study examined the association between wit-
nessing trauma and multiple outcomes including mood,
anxiety, and substance use disorders.
Methods
Regression models measured the odds of mood,
anxiety, and substance use disorders among those who
reported witnessing in the South African Stress and Health
Study. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to examine
whether witnessing was associated with earlier onset of
mental disorders.
Results
Witnessing trauma was more commonly reported
among males and those with low-average education.
Posttraumatic stress disorder, mood, and anxiety disorders
varied significantly with witnessing status, and witnessing
was associated with exposure to a higher number of trau-
matic events compared to other types of traumatic events.
Respondents reporting witnessing trauma had elevated
odds of mood and anxiety disorders, but not substance use
disorders.
Conclusion
Witnessing trauma is common in the South
African population and results in increased risk of mood
and anxiety disorders. Interventions aimed at reducing the
burden of trauma and its outcomes must now increase their
focus on bystanders and other observers, rather than just
focusing on those directly affected.