Tourism and the environment : economic, socio-cultural and biophysical impacts of tourism in Kenya; a cost-benefit analysis approach

Abstract

Tourism and tourism-related activities are seen as important means of providing the much needed foreign exchange earnings, income and employment opportunities in Kenya. However, tourism, if not properly planned and managed, may cause significant negative socio-cultural and environmental impacts. This multidisciplinary study examines the economic, socio-cultural biophysical and conservation costs and benefits of tourism to Kenya, as reflected by the tourist expenditure and perceived by the local residents and other stakeholders of the industry. The goal of the study was to enhance scientific knowledge directly related to the sustainable management of resources that support tourism in Kenya. Tourists and local perceptions were gathered through surveys, in-depth discussions and non-participant observations. Existing literature on tourism impact research in other areas, especially in the developing countries is reviewed. Tourism in Kenya is based around wildlife safari and coastal beach resources. The study closely examined the effects of tourism within the key areas in different environments in Kenya focusing on three communities at the coast and four around the sampled up-country national parks/reserves, respectively...